Millions of people in developing countries still remain disconnected from the digital world and in Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a quarter of the population still live outside mobile broadband coverage, compared to 7 percent globally.
The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed the importance of the mobile internet to support access to education, work, healthcare, social networks, goods and services, but has also shown that digital divides could exacerbate existing inequalities across countries and along demographic and socioeconomic groups.
With that in mind, a joint team from the World Bank and the GSMA recently developed an innovative study looking at the impact of mobile broadband on poverty reduction in Nigeria — the largest mobile market and economy in Africa — to assess how mobile broadband impacts welfare and can be an important agent in reducing poverty.
Below you can read the study’s findings:
Between 2010 and 2015, mobile broadband coverage in the country (Nigeria) increased from 21 to 51 percent (Map 1), and by the end of 2019 there were more than 170 million mobile connections – 60 percent of which used 3G or 4G technology.
We combined three rounds of longitudinal household data for 2010-2016 (Nigeria’s General Household Survey 2010/11, 2012/13 and 2015/16), which tracks the same households over time, with data from high-resolution coverage maps of mobile broadband networks, provided by mobile operators based on the (almost) exact locations of households. Using this unique dataset, we compared over time the consumption and poverty status of households that gained coverage of mobile broadband with those that had not yet gained coverage.
Also read: Africa’s mobile phone and population growth in the 21st century
Map 1: Changes in 3G coverage area within Nigeria, 2010–2015
So what did we find? Not only did mobile broadband improve welfare but its effects were larger for those households that were exposed a longer period of time to areas with a broadband signal. Specifically, after a year or more of mobile broadband coverage, the total consumption of households studied increased by about 6 percent. After two years of coverage, this rate increases to 8 percent (Figure 1).
The results are similar regarding poverty reduction. Extreme poverty for these households declined by about 4 percentage points after one year of gaining mobile broadband coverage; and about 7 percentage points after two or more years of coverage (at the $1.90 per day poverty line) (Figure 2). This corresponds to lifting approximately 2.5 million people out of extreme poverty in the country. The welfare effects were particularly pronounced for rural households. These results attest to the critical role that mobile broadband plays in poverty reduction in Nigeria, and potentially more broadly across Africa.
Figure 1: Impact of 3G/4G access on total consumption (point estimates)
Figure 2: Impact of 3G/4G access on poverty ($1.90) (point estimates)
To enable all households in low and middle-income countries to benefit from the digital revolution that has swept across the world over the past two decades, our study recommends the following policies:
- putting in place a policy framework that supports the expansion of mobile broadband networks, especially in rural and remote areas
- (addressing the mobile internet usage barriers – such as affordability and digital skills – to ensure that underserved groups (e.g. women, people with disabilities) fully benefit from digital technologies.
- promoting complementary policies to maximize the benefits of digital connectivity, such as high quality public services and infrastructure investment.
Beyond the known benefits that improved access to broadband has at macroeconomic level, our work demonstrates the tangible microeconomic benefits of digital inclusion by reducing poverty and increasing welfare for underserved populations. The call to action is clear: promoting and enabling access to and use of mobile broadband internet offers a clear pathway for governments looking to increase equality and drive inclusive and sustainable development.
The findings presented here are based on the joint GSMA and World Bank report: “The poverty reduction effects of mobile broadband in Africa: Evidence from Nigeria”
The original working paper with the full methodology and description of the analysis for Nigeria can be found here: The Welfare Effects of Mobile Broadband Internet: Evidence from Nigeria
